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Since it is impossible to win by trying out everything, computers must limit the search to a fraction of the territory. The universe is thought to be 1010 years old. Even a computer exploring a billion of these variations a second would take more than 10100 years to analyze a game completely. In 1950, Claude Shannon, a Bell Laboratories mathematician and one of the inventors of computer science, calculated that there are 10120 possible paths through the maze of a typical chess game. Computers make up for their ignorance and poor skills at pattern recognition by exhaustively considering possibilities that a human wouldn't bother with.īut without programmed lessons in chess strategy, even a machine as powerful as Deep Blue would quickly become lost in the Borgesian labyrinth of possible chess games, searching and searching and never finding the right move.įor chess, that kind of omniscience is impossible.
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Brains make up for their slowness by learning to recognize the most promising possibilities. If a brain is just a biological computer, as most neuroscientists assume, mysterious qualities like intuition should turn out to be a matter of calculation, searching a neurological database of possible solutions. Maybe when scientists learn more about human brains, they will be just as unimpressed by how Mr. team, which knows the workings of the computer too well to be so impressed, is coming down on the side of those who argue that intelligence requires an ability to learn from mistakes, a talent still lacking in Deep Blue and perhaps even emotions and the chimerical quality called consciousness. Biological or mechanical, the brain is a black box. From his point of view, the digital calculations taking place in Deep Blue's processors are as invisible as the firings of neurons in a human opponent. Kasparov is taking what philosophers call the functionalist position. ''I don't care how the machine gets there. ''I believe signs of intelligence can be found in the net result, not in the way the result is achieved,'' he said before this week's rematch.
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After beating the computer last year, he said it exhibited the stirrings of genuine thought. Kasparov has been paying Deep Blue the compliment of describing it as though it were intelligent. Deep Blue is stunningly effective at solving chess problems, but it is less 'intelligent' than even the stupidest human.'' describes its chess expert like this: ''Deep Blue is a machine that is incapable of feeling or intuition. On a special Web page put up for the occasion, I.B.M. scientists have taken pains to emphasize that Deep Blue is just a glorified calculator. The last two games are tomorrow and Sunday.ĭuring all this, I.B.M. Each has won once and two games were drawn. Kasparov, and after four games they are deadlocked. Its ability to do that has enabled it to hold its own against Mr. Kasparov would be dismissing Deep Blue as a mere automaton, triumphing when it does mostly because of an inhuman ability to consider 200 million chess positions in the time it takes to furrow an eyebrow. It would seem likely that Deep Blue's inventors would be touting their brainchild as a landmark in artificial intelligence, and that Mr. And it can be surprising to learn who holds which view. Whether a machine like Deep Blue, combining lightning-fast search power with a growing database of chess knowledge, can be said to think depends on one's philosophical prejudices.
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How to define intelligence and decide who or what has it remains among science's unsolved, and possibly unsolvable, problems. What is far less certain is just what to make of such a victory. Whether the machine or the man ultimately wins the rematch between Deep Blue and Garry Kasparov, it is probably just a matter of time before a computer prevails.